Awake Spine Surgery: A Masterful Guide on Minimizing Patient Anesthesia Burdens

Spine surgery is an ever-evolving subspecialty with increasing understanding of pathology, biomechanics, and natural history of spine disease. Concurrently, technological innovations enable better and safer patient outcomes. At the forefront is awake spine surgery, a groundbreaking approach that goes beyond avoiding general anesthesia—it stems from the philosophy of minimizing the surgeon’s “footprint” o…