Mercenaries

The main aim of this book is to argue that the use of private force by states has been restricted by a norm against mercenary use. The book traces the evolution of this norm, from mercenaries in medieval Europe through to private security companies in modern day Iraq, telling a story about how the mercenaries of yesterday have evolved into those of today in the process.The norm against mercenaries has two components. First, mercenaries areconsidered to be immoral because they use force outside legitimate, authoritative control. Second, mercenaries are considered to be morally problematic because they fight wars for selfish, financialreasons as opposed to fighting for some kind of larger conception of the common good.The book examines four puzzles about mercenary use, and argues that they can only be explained by understanding the norm against mercenaries. First, the book argues that moral disapproval of mercenaries led to the disappearance of independent mercenaries from medieval Europe. Second, the transition from armies composed of mercenaries to citizen armies in the nineteenth century can only beunderstood with attention to the norm against mercenaries. Third, it is impossible to understand why international law regarding mercenaries, created in the 1970s and 1980s, is so ineffective withoutunderstanding the norm. Finally, the disappearance of companies like Executive Outcomes and Sandline and the development of today's private security industry cannot be understood without the norm.This book is a project of the Oxford Leverhulme Programme on the Changing Character of War.

Dr Sarah Percy is University Lecturer in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Oxford, and a Fellow of Merton College. Previously she was a Research Associate in the Oxford Leverhulme Programme on the Changing Character of War. She is the author of several articles about mercenaries and the privatization of force. Before coming to Oxford she taught senior military officers at the Joint Services Staff and Command College as partof King's College London's Defence Studies Department, where she still lectures about private force.

The Grammar Teacher's Activity-a-Day180 Ready-to-Use Lessons to Teach Grammar and Usage, Grades 5-12The Grammar Teacher's Activity-a-Day is a must-have resource that features 180 practical, ready-to-use grammar, usage, and mechanics lessons and a wealth of instructive and fun-filled activities-one for each day of the school year. The daily activities give students (grades 5-12) the confidence they need to become capable writers by acquiring, improving, and expanding their grammar skills.Written by veteran educator and best-selling author Jack Umstatter, this handy book will help classroom teachers and homeschoolers familiarize their students with the type of grammar-related content found on standardized local, state, national, and college admissions tests. The book is filled with ready-to-use comprehensive and authoritative activities that can be used as sponge activities, extra homework, or regular daily lessons. In addition, all the reproducible lessons are designed to be non-intimidating for students, and the author has included helpful tips on how to best use each specific topic or lesson in the classroom.The Grammar Teacher's Activity-a-Day contains 26 lessons and activities that cover the eight parts of speech 114 lessons and activities that shed light on the parts of a sentence, prepositional phrases, verbal phrases, clauses, and sentences by construction and purpose; agreement; tense; regular and irregular verbs; voice; and the nominative, objective, and possessive cases 30 lessons and activities that focus on essential elements of effective writing, including punctuation, capitalization, and spelling 10 lessons and activities that encourage students to display their knowledge of the topics covered in the bookThe book's enjoyable lessons and activities will help your students improve their grammatical skills and become self-assured and willing writers."Jack Umstatter's The Grammar Teacher's Activity-a-Day is a powerful grammar resource for classroom teachers. Loaded with clear, concise definitions, examples, and practice activities, this is a valuable tool for all teachers, not just those who teach writing." -Tina S. Kiracofe, curriculum supervisor, Augusta County Schools, Virginia

The main aim of this book is to argue that the use of private force by states has been restricted by a norm against mercenary use. The book traces the evolution of this norm, from mercenaries in medieval Europe through to private security companies in modern day Iraq, telling a story about how the mercenaries of yesterday have evolved into those of today in the process.The norm against mercenaries has two components. First, mercenaries are considered to be immoral because they use force outside legitimate, authoritative control. Second, mercenaries are considered to be morally problematic because they fight wars for selfish, financial reasons as opposed to fighting for some kind of larger conception of the common good.The book examines four puzzles about mercenary use, and argues that they can only be explained by understanding the norm against mercenaries. First, the book argues that moral disapproval of mercenaries led to the disappearance of independent mercenaries from medieval Europe. Second, the transition from armies composed of mercenaries to citizen armies in the nineteenth century can only be understood with attention to the norm against mercenaries. Third, it is impossible to understand why international law regarding mercenaries, created in the 1970s and 1980s, is so ineffective without understanding the norm. Finally, the disappearance of companies like Executive Outcomes and Sandline and the development of today's private security industry cannot be understood without the norm.This book is a project of the Oxford Leverhulme Programme on the Changing Character of War.

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