Contradictions of Democracy

Despite being one of the world's most vibrant democracies, police estimate between five and ten percent of the murders in South Africa result from vigilante violence. This is puzzling given the country's celebrated transition to democracy and massive reform of the state's legal institutions. Where most studies explain vigilantism as a response to state or civic failure, in Contradictions of Democracy, Nicholas Rush Smith illustrates that vigilantism is actually a response to the processes of democratic state formation. In the context of densely networked neighborhoods, vigilante citizens often interpret the technical success of legal institutions-for instance, the arrest and subsequent release of suspects on bail-as failure and work to correct such perceived failures on their own. Smith also shows that vigilantism provides a new lens through which to understand democratic state formation. Among young men of color in some parts of South Africa, fear of extra-judicial police violence is common. Amid such fear, instead of the state seeming protective, it can appear as something akin to a massive vigilante organization. An insightful look into the high rates of vigilantism in South Africa and the general challenges of democratic state building, Contradictions of Democracy explores fundamental questions about political order, the rule of law, and democratic citizenship.

Winner of Joint Winner of the Best Book Award from the African Politics Conference Group of the American Political Science Association Winner of the Distinguished Book Award, Section on Sociology of Law, American Sociological Association.

“"The book provides a striking example of how anthropological approaches are making inroads into the field of urban studies." -- Timothy Gibbs, University College London, English Historical Review "In this compelling work, Nicholas Smith traces vigilantism in post-apartheid South Africa to the tension between due process and perceptions of injustice when those suspected of crime or witchcraft go free. Drawing on 20 months of remarkable ethnographic research in two townships near Durban and Johannesburg, he suggests that the politics of vigilantism reflect state formation rather than state failure." -Elisabeth Jean Wood, Yale University "Smith has produced an empathic and compelling book on vigilantism in contemporary South Africa. His deft narrative explores with nuance the choices young men make and the consequences they face as they turn to violence in search of the elusive fruits of liberation. Brave, original and timely, Smith's work deserves a wide readership among scholars of political violence, state formation and youth activism in South Africa and beyond." - Zachariah Mampilly, Vassar College "Smith's central argument is that vigilantism persists in South Africa not because the criminal justice system is weak but because the citizenry rejects the principles that animate it. A provocative argument on the moral dimensions of state formation, this book ought to attract wide interest among political scientists, socio-legal scholars, political anthropologists, and many others besides." -Jonny Steinberg, University of Oxford "Uncharacteristic of most academic work, Smith's book presents his analysis using compelling narratives. Whether he means to be and without detracting from the rigor of his analysis, Smith is an effective storyteller.... Contradictions of Democracy is an accessible, compelling book about an important subject that offers readers new arguments about what drives vigilantism in South Africa. Smith's book will appeal to readers who follow South African politics and society. It will also appeal to readers more broadly interested in understanding the implications of declining citizen trust in the police and the judicial system to keep communities safe." -The Washington Post, "The Monkey Cage"”

The book provides a striking example of how anthropological approaches are making inroads into the field of urban studies. Timothy Gibbs, University College London, English Historical Review
In this compelling work, Nicholas Smith traces vigilantism in post-apartheid South Africa to the tension between due process and perceptions of injustice when those suspected of crime or witchcraft go free. Drawing on 20 months of remarkable ethnographic research in two townships near Durban and Johannesburg, he suggests that the politics of vigilantism reflect state formation rather than state failure. Elisabeth Jean Wood, Yale University
Smith has produced an empathic and compelling book on vigilantism in contemporary South Africa. His deft narrative explores with nuance the choices young men make and the consequences they face as they turn to violence in search of the elusive fruits of liberation. Brave, original and timely, Smith's work deserves a wide readership among scholars of political violence, state formation and youth activism in South Africa and beyond. Zachariah Mampilly, Vassar College
Smith's central argument is that vigilantism persists in South Africa not because the criminal justice system isweak but because the citizenry rejects the principles that animate it. A provocative argument on the moral dimensions of state formation, this book ought to attract wide interest among political scientists, socio-legal scholars, political anthropologists, and many others besides. Jonny Steinberg, University of Oxford

Nicholas Rush Smith is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the City University of New York--City College.

Despite being one of the world's most vibrant democracies, police estimate between five and ten percent of the murders in South Africa result from vigilante violence. This is puzzling given the country's celebrated transition to democracy and massive reform of the state's legal institutions. Where most studies explain vigilantism as a response to state or civic failure, in Contradictions of Democracy, Nicholas Rush Smith illustrates that vigilantism isactually a response to the processes of democratic state formation. In the context of densely networked neighborhoods, vigilante citizens often interpret the technical success of legal institutions-for instance, the arrest and subsequent release of suspects on bail-as failure and work to correct such perceivedfailures on their own. Smith also shows that vigilantism provides a new lens through which to understand democratic state formation. Among young men of color in some parts of South Africa, fear of extra-judicial police violence is common. Amid such fear, instead of the state seeming protective, it can appear as something akin to a massive vigilante organization. An insightful look into the high rates of vigilantism in South Africa and the general challenges of democratic state building,Contradictions of Democracy explores fundamental questions about political order, the rule of law, and democratic citizenship.

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