The vision of the South American rainforest in the Spanish American novela de la selva has often been interpreted as a belated imitation of European travel literature. This book explores how writers throughout post-independence Latin America turned to the jungle as a locus for the contestation of both national and literary identity.
The vision of the South American rainforest in the Spanish American novela de la selva has often been interpreted as a belated imitation of European travel literature. This book explores how writers throughout post-independence Latin America turned to the jungle as a locus for the contestation of both national and literary identity.
The vision of the South American rainforest as a wilderness of rank decay, poisonous insects, and bloodthirsty ‘savages’ in the Spanish American novela de la selva has often been interpreted as a belated imitation of European travel literature. This book offers a new reading of the genre by arguing that, far from being derivative, the novela de la selva re-imagined the tropics from a Latin American perspective, redefining tropical landscape aesthetics and ethnography through parodic rewritings of European perceptions of Amazonia in fictional and factual travel writing. With particular reference to the four emblematic novels of the genre – W. H. Hudson’s Green Mansions [1904], José Eustasio Rivera’s La vorágine [1924], Rómulo Gallegos’s Canaima [1935], and Alejo Carpentier’s Los pasos perdidos [1953] – the book explores how writers throughout post-independence Latin America turned to the jungle as a locus for the contestation of both national and literary identity, harnessing the superabundant tropical vegetation and native myths and customs to forge a descriptive vocabulary which emphatically departed from the reductive categories of European travel writing. Despite being one of the most significant examples of postcolonial literature to emerge from Latin America in the twentieth century, the novela de la selva has, to date, received little critical attention: this book returns a seminal genre of Latin American literature to the centre of contemporary debates about postcolonial identity, travel writing, and imperial landscape aesthetics.
“"Wylie's careful readings of these novelas alongside their many literary precursors and intertexts from Columbus's Diarios to early twentieth-century tropical medicine treatises from Spanish America form a rich historical guide with which to study how these four writers problematise notions of reading and writing from within the postcolonial Latin American nation."--Bulletin of Latin American Research”
At the conclusion of the third chapter of her new book on the novela de la selva (jungle novel), Lesley Wylie quotes Stanley Diamond, who defined anthropology in 1974 as 'the study of men in crisis by men in crisis' (p. 91). Diamond's description could well be used to define Wylie's own aims in this study; how early twentieth-century Latin American writers, at a crossroads of (post-Independence) history, write their ' national Others - indigenous populations, and the landscapes they inhabit - while also pondering the tradition of travel writing that has produced such enduring narratives of the Americas as exotic spaces. In Colonial Tropes and Postcolonial Tricks, Wylie focuses on four novels - Green Mansions (1904), by Anglo-Argentine author William Henry Hudson, Colombian Jose Eustasio Rivera's La vortigine (1924), Canaima (1935) by Venezuelan R6mulo Gallegos, and Los pasos perdidos (1953) by Cuban Alejo Carpentier - where the main characters are white men who envision the Latin American jungle as a landscape of spiritual and physical renewal, only to find their hopes thwarted by the very spaces and conditions they idealise. In Chapter 1, Wylie builds the case for reading these four novelas de la selva in the light of postcolonialist revisions of colonial literary models. These novels, according to Wylie, revise, parody and debunk earlier travel writing through the use of 'palpable anachro(nisms]' (p. 21) in the case of Hudson's novel, the 'ludic propensities' in Rivera's work, and Carpentier's active rewriting of such texts as Humboldt's Pe1'sonal Narrative. In Chapter 2, 'Tropical Nature and Landscape Aesthetics', Wylie discusses how these authors radically re-conceive the Kantian sublime, which relies on the constant of stable subjects and landscapes. Instead of this Romantic notion of perceptual territorial control, in the novelas de la selva we have a poetics of ugliness and the unknowable, replete with silences that haunt the novel's characters - what Wylie persuasively calls a disconnection between 'the imperial lexicon and non-European topography' (p. 59). Chapter 3, 'Salvaging the Savage', focuses on the treatment of indigenous characters and the inclusion of native languages in the composition of the novels in question. The latter is perhaps one of the most salient qualities of the wider genre of Latin American novelas de la tiena, described by Carlos Alonso as part of the writers' aim to produce distinctly national, autochthonous works. Wylie adds to this by noting that this multilingual quality of the novels 'draws attention to the difference of indigenous culture and its refusal to be neatly translated into another cultural paradigm' (p. 90). Chapter 4, 'Paradise Lost; Wilderness and the Limits of Western Escapism', describes how the four novelists parody a host of European Romantic attitudes to natural landscapes. Wylie notes the failure of any aspiration towards communing with this Latin American wilderness in the narratives, describing the tropical forest 'not as a commodity for urban self-actualisation, but as a menacing and potentially deadly, postcolonial space' (p. 95). The final chapter is a discussion of the disintegration of the novels' central characters after their failures in the jungles. Much like Kurtz in Conrad's Heart of Darkness (a text that Wylie often uses as a counterpoint in her discussions of the four novels central to her study), the protagonist in any given novela de la selva spirals into degeneracy, a denouement that converses with a number of fin-de-siecle texts that worked to 'map the tropics' according to the diseases that could he contracted there. According to Wylie, these paths to degeneracy and, ultimately, savagery, have wider, postcolonial implications: they produce the 'mortal blow to the leitmotif of Otherness', as the colonialist gaze is violently 'returned', making the protagonists themselves 'conspicuously exotic' (p. 124). Following Homi Bhabha's work on travel literature, Wylie's own discussion of degeneracy is compounded with Freud's discourse on the uncanny (1925), as evidenced in episodes of the novelas in which the main characters' perceptions of their cultural others reveal the horrors of familiarity. Wylie's monograph returns attention to texts that have had a tendency to slip out of critical currency. She makes a valid case to read these novels alongside, and as early examples of, prevalent discussions of the subversive qualities of postcolonial texts. In this sense, Wylie points to the need to develop a more nuanced and historically expansive notion of what we understand as the postcolonial period in literature one that includes the Latin American experience after 1820. Finally, Wylie's careful readings of these novelas alongside their many literary precursors and inter texts - from Columbus's Diar-ios to early twentieth-century tropical medicine treatises from Spanish America form a rich historical guide with which to study how these four writers problematise notions of reading and writing from within the postcolonial Latin American nation. Wylie's careful readings of these novelas alongside their many literary precursors and intertexts - from Columbus's Diarios to early twentieth-century tropical medicine treatises from Spanish America - form a rich historical guide with which to study how these four writers problematise notions of reading and writing from within the postcolonial Latin American nation. La "novela de la selva", corriente dominante de la literatura latinoamericana de los anos veinte y treinta, ha sido sumamente importante como descubrimiento literario de la exuberante naturaleza tropical opuesta al paisaje arcadico pintado por la literatura europea y europeizante. Pero esta novelistica fue rechazada por su costumbrismo criollista y provincial por la Nueva Novela triunfante en las decadas del sesenta y setenta. Por eso es muy loable esta revision y rescate a la luz de la literatura posmoderna por Lesley Wylie. La investigadora inglesa estudia cuatro novelas -Green Mansions. A Romance of the Tropical Forest de William Henry Hudson, La voragine de Jose Eustasio Rivera, Canaima de Romulo Gallegos, y Los pasos perdidos de Alejo Carpentier-, obras de autores pertenecientes a tres generaciones literarias bien distintas, que comparten solo el tema de la selva y la ubicacion geografica en la Amazonia. Por eso, Wylie no las estudia por separadas, sino que las reune segun pertinentes criterios literarios en cinco capitulos, dejando asi de lado el contexto latinoamericano y las biografias literarias de los autores. Este procedimiento le permite incluir a un escritor extranjero, al ingles Hudson, cuya novela salio ya a comienzos del siglo XX, y a Carpentier, cuya novela precursora de la Nueva Novela salio mucho mas tarde que las "novelas de la selva" propiamente criollistas. Por anadidura, Carpentier habia polemizado desde fines de los anos veinte en nombre del vanguardismo contra el tradicionalismo obsoleto y la falta de profesionalismo de Rivera y otros regionalistas Los autores seleccionados estan separados entre ellos, por lo tanto, no solo por el factor generacional, sino tambien por sus esteticas y escrituras disimiles, lo que Wylie no toma en cuenta, presentando una imagen muy homogenea de esta novelistica. La tesis principal de Wylie es absolutamente nueva: sostiene que la "novella de la selva" anticipa la literatura poscolonial surgida en el "tercer mundo " en el contexto de la descolonizacion cultural teorizada por Homi Bhabha, Edward Said, Salman Rushdie y Chinua Achebe. La autora adjudica a los cuatro novelistas un mensaje descolonizador ya que todos coinciden en los siguientes cinco criterios identificadores establecidos por ella: 1) la tropologia "tropical"; 2) la pintura de naturaleza y paisaje como senas de identidad cultural latinoamericana; 3) la presencia de los indigenas; 4) la selva como lugar de utopias y escapismo occidentales; y 5) la atribucion de un caracter degenerado a la America Latina. La tendencia descolonizadora se expresa como protesta contra, y rectificacion de, la imagen europeizante de la selva producida por autores del viejo continente, en particular en diarios de viajeros y novelas de aventuras. Los diaristas europeos muestran, segun Wylie, hasta en su escritura una actitud de dominacion desde arriba, desde un zocalo, de seguridad de si mismos por saberlo y dominarlo todo. De esta actitud imperial se distancian los novelistas de la selva, segun la autora, por su comportamiento inseguro, no senorial, vacilante. Pero este ultimo detalle no se explica necesariamente, como quiere Wylie, por su anticolonialismo, sino por ser ellos citadinos urbanos, intrusos, veraneantes, extranjeros en su propio pais, descubridores y conquistadores intelectuales de una realidad antes desconocida. Los colonizados no son ellos, sino induda- blemente los indigenas, habitantes y antiguos duenos de la zona, y como tales absolutamente seguros y duenos de si mismos en la selva que es su propio ambiente vital, que conocen muy bien, como lo atestigua Humboldt, que los llama los mejores geografos del mundo por tener grabado en su cabeza todo el mapa de la Amazonia. La autora refiere sin mas a la "novella de la selva" la sentencia de Said de que "many of the most interesting post-colonial writers bear their past within them, a scar of humiliating wounds, in which the formerly silent native speaks and acts in territory taken back from the empire". Esta comprobacion valida para los escritoires de Africa y Asia, no lo es para los novelistas de la selva, ya que todos son descendientes de los colonizadores europeos que no perdian, sino que recibian su territorio despues de la Conquista, al contrario de los nativos indigenas que por sus lenguas y culturas no-europeas y su sometimiento colonial si podrian equipararse con los pueblos afroasiaticos, ensenando como aquellos "las cicatrices del colonizaje" asestadas por los colonos criollos. Estos ultimos no eran, por consiguiente, las victimas, sino los victimarios del coloniaje. Los novelistas y sus protagonistas ensenan, segun Wylie, no pocos rasgos de racismo hacia los indigenas de la selva, siendo en eso los seguidores, y no los opositores del colonialismo. Para ellos los indigenas no son mucho mas que los arboles maltratados por los caucheros, o sea, objetos, nunca sujetos de las tramas a la par de los personajes criollos. Wylie no aduce pruebas de su suposicion del caracter deliberada o inconscientemente antieuropeista de la "novela de la selva". Solo parcialmente me convence su descubrimiento de una polemica indirect -parodia, ironia, mimicry- contra los textos europeos sobre la selva, ya que pese a citar a muchos criticos anglofonos y unos cuantos hispanofonos, no presenta ningun texto explicativo de los propios escritoires que compruebe estas intenciones anticolonialistas que les atribuye la critica inglesa. Ademas, faltan comparaciones intertextuales entre los diarios de viaje por una parte, y de la novela de la selva, por otra, que confirmen la tesis fundamental de Wylie. Tampoco comprueba mediante una comparacion textual la oposicion naturaleza americana-paisaje europeo, no mencionando ni siquiera el monton de textos carpenterianos -ensayos, entrevistas, reportajes- que en parte confirman, en parte desmienten y de todos modos modifican las aseveraciones respectivas de la autora sobre este binomio. Los cuatro autores conocian solo superficialmente la selva: Hudson nunca estuvo en la Amazonia, Carpentier paso dos breves vacaciones en ella, Rivera y Gallegos vivieron periodos un poco mas largos alla. El unico que vivia y deambulaba muchisimo tiempo mas, casi tres de sus cuatro anos americanos, en esta region, era Humboldt, a cuyo diario equinoccial Wylie practicamente reduce los informes de viajeros europeos, atribuyendole (segun Mary Louise Pratt, en Travel Writing and Transculturation) una vision imperial. Pero Humboldt se pronunciaba claramente contra la esclavitud, el peonaje y la explotacion de negros e indigenas como mineros, bogas del Magdalena y trabajadores textiles en fabricas criollas, llamando a los indigenas los verdaderos duenos de la selva, desposeidos por los criollos. Aunque su escritura era bastante europea, estilo Siglo de las Luces, era en el fondo un autentico anti-colonialista, mas anticolonial que los autores y protagonistas de la "novela de la selva", que lo citan profusamente, pero no lo denuncian nunca. Los pasos perdidos de Carpentier, autor que admiraba profunda-mente al viajero ale- 230 Literaturas latinoamericanas: historia y critica man, no hubieran sido posibles sin las lecturas humboldtianas del novelista cubano. De todos modos el estudio de Lesley Wylie es un reto para volver a ocuparse de la literatura entre ambas guerras mundiales casi olvidada y pretendidamente obsoleta, cuyo estudio puede depararnos, sin embargo, gratas sorpresas por su alarde de premodernidad.
Lesley Wylie is Lecturer in Latin American Studies at the University of Leicester. Her previous books include 'Colonial Tropes and Postcolonial Tricks: Rewriting the Tropics in the novela de la selva' (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2009).
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