Empire of Contingency

Explores the information and communication practices of the Portuguese empire in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century India

Empire of Contingency explores the information and communication practices of the Portuguese empire in late sixteenth- and seventeenth-century India—a period during which Portuguese imperial ambitions were struggling for survival, while the Mughal empire was at the height of its power and influence. Jorge Flores uncovers the tenuous but ingenious apparatuses of intelligence through which the Estado da Índia (the "State of the Indies," the name given to the Portuguese political administrative unit in the region between the Cape of Good Hope and East Asia) endeavored to survive in a vast Indo-Persian world shaped by the influence and power of the Mughal empire.
Detailing the complex relations that the officials of the Portuguese empire, particularly in Goa, the capital of the Estado da Índia, maintained with the Mughal empire as well as the sultanates of Ahmadnagar and Bijapur in the Deccan region—through information gathering, record-keeping, interpreting, and diplomatic correspondence—the book demonstrates how the Portuguese territories along the western coast of India were substantially incorporated into the vast Persianate cultural sphere spanning from Iran to Southeast Asia. The process of empire-building on the fringes of the Persianate world and the prolonged interaction with the Mughal empire, Ahmadnagar, and Bijapur, Flores argues, led to the irregular, non-linear, and incomplete assimilation of the Portuguese empire into Persianate India.
Overturning teleological narratives that portray the workings of (European) empire as the unilateral imposition of power dynamics by a dominant, omniscient actor, Flores reveals how Portuguese imperial administrators were vulnerable participants in a network of relations involving multiple political powers—relations that required enormous bureaucratic and diplomatic effort to understand and successfully navigate. Showing how a European empire was drawn into the political practices and rituals of the Indo-Persian world, Flores decenters the lenses conventionally used to observe the Portuguese empire in Asia and helps us rethink its nature while questioning the boundaries of the Indo-Persian world.

"The distinguished Portuguese historian Jorge Flores has been a prolific contributor to the literature on the early modern Iberian world. Only recently has his work begun to appear in English. In Empire of Contingency he explores official and unofficial dealings between networks of spies, diplomats and cultural go-betweens, succeeding–remarkably–in finding their elusive traces in the archives." (History Today) "Persuasively argued, absorbing, and well-researched." (Sanjay Subrahmanyam, author of Europe's India: Words, People, Empires, 1500–1800) "A much-needed, major study of information gathering, record-keeping, and communication across cultures in the context of the European presence in Asia, on par with the best scholarship that we have for the Atlantic world." (Giuseppe Marcocci, author of The Globe on Paper: Writing Histories of the World in Renaissance Europe and the Americas)

Jorge Flores is Senior Researcher at the Interuniversity Centre for the History of Science and Technology and the Department of History and Philosophy of Science of the University of Lisbon.

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