The Enigma of Reason

"Brilliant...Timely and necessary." -Financial Times

"Especially timely as we struggle to make sense of how it is that individuals and communities persist in holding beliefs that have been thoroughly discredited." -Darren Frey, Science

If reason is what makes us human, why do we behave so irrationally? And if it is so useful, why didn't it evolve in other animals? This groundbreaking account of the evolution of reason by two renowned cognitive scientists seeks to solve this double enigma. Reason, they argue, helps us justify our beliefs, convince others, and evaluate arguments. It makes it easier to cooperate and communicate and to live together in groups. Provocative, entertaining, and undeniably relevant, The Enigma of Reason will make many reasonable people rethink their beliefs.

"Reasonable-seeming people are often totally irrational. Rarely has this insight seemed more relevant...Still, an essential puzzle remains: How did we come to be this way?...Cognitive scientists Hugo Mercier and Dan Sperber [argue that] reason developed not to enable us to solve abstract, logical problems...[but] to resolve the problems posed by living in collaborative groups." -Elizabeth Kolbert, New Yorker

"Turns reason's weaknesses into strengths, arguing that its supposed flaws are actually design features that work remarkably well." -Financial Times

"The best thing I have read about human reasoning. It is extremely well written, interesting, and very enjoyable to read." -Gilbert Harman, Princeton University

“This is a terrific book. The best thing I have read about human reasoning. It is extremely well written, interesting, and very enjoyable to read.”

Brilliant...Turns reason's weaknesses into strengths, arguing that its supposed flaws are actually design features that work remarkably well...Timely and necessary.--Julian Baggini"Financial Times" (04/13/2017) As evolutionary psychologists, Mercier and Sperber ask what might have been adaptive for our ancestors and thus built into our brains. Some have argued for modules specialized for reasoning about particular topics. But Mercier and Sperber argue for a single module that can frame an argument and its conclusion: the former aids cooperation and the latter communication. So, the ultimate goal of reasoning is persuasion. It's an extraordinarily ambitious theory presented with brilliant insights, profound scholarship, and entertaining anecdotes.--Philip Johnson-Laird, Princeton University --Gilbert Harman, Princeton University Reasonable-seeming people are often totally irrational. Rarely has this insight seemed more relevant than it does right now. Still, an essential puzzle remains: How did we come to be this way? In The Enigma of Reason, the cognitive scientists Hugo Mercier and Dan Sperber take a stab at answering this question... [Their] argument runs, more or less, as follows: Humans' biggest advantage over other species is our ability to cooperate. Cooperation is difficult to establish and almost as difficult to sustain. For any individual, freeloading is always the best course of action. Reason developed not to enable us to solve abstract, logical problems...[but] to resolve the problems posed by living in collaborative groups.--Elizabeth Kolbert "New Yorker " Original, persuasive, and deftly argued, The Enigma of Reason puts forward a new and rather surprising thesis that the proper (evolutionary) functioning of reasoning is to persuade others via argumentation. This book will challenge your preconceptions about the mind's internal logic and why it exists. A compelling read and a novel contribution to the literature on reasoning.--Clark Barrett, University of California, Los Angeles The Enigma of Reason is a comprehensive and well-motivated overview of the contemporary scientific and philosophical literature on reasoning. This is especially timely as we struggle to make sense of how it is that individuals and communities persist in holding beliefs that have been thoroughly discredited.-- (05/09/2017)

Hugo Mercier is a researcher at the French National Center for Scientific Research, working in the Cognitive Science Institute Marc Jeannerod in Lyon. Dan Sperber is a researcher in the Departments of Cognitive Science and of Philosophy at the Central European University, Budapest, and in the Institut Jean Nicod at the Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris.

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